Abu M?s? J?bir ibn Hayy?n (al-Azdi / al-Kufi / al-Tusi / al-Sufi), often known simply as Geber, (Persian/Arabic: ???? ?? ????) (born c. 721 in Tus, Persia; died c. 815 in Kufa, Iraq) was a prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician. Born and educated in Tus, he later traveled to Kufa. J?bir is held to be the first practical alchemist. As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of J?bir was in dispute in Islamic circles. His name was Latinized as 'Geber' in the Christian West and in 13th century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as Pseudo-Geber, produced alchemical and metallurgical writings under the pen-name Geber.