15th century circular map of the world from The Perfect Pearl of Wonders and the Precious Pearl of Extraordinary Things by the Syrian geographer and horticulturist Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs 尪Umar Ibn al-Wardi (died 1457). Mecca and Medina are at the centre of the map surrounded by a mountain range containing the legendary Mount Qaf. Constantinople (Istanbul) is marked by a red crescent and Bagdad is marked by concentric circles. The Perfect Pearl of Wonders... was a compilation of texts on geography, natural history and a few other subjects. This map is from a 1632 publication of the book.