Frontispiece to 'Machina Coelestis' (1573) by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687). This frontispiece is full of symbolism, explained in the preface to the book. Four astronomers are depicted here (from left): Hipparchus, Ptolemy, Copernicus and Tycho Brahe, gathered around a celestial globe. The backdrop is a Roman theatre. Instruments on the floor include a sextant and an armillary sphere. Allegorical figures are shown overhead, including representations of Astronomy (in the chariot) and Geometry and Arithmetic (reining in the animal steeds). The obelisk at left describes ideal qualities for an astronomer (from bottom): acutissimo (sharp intellect), lynceo (good vision), indefesso (tireless), constantissimo (steadfast) and investigantur (enquiring). The Latin inscription at the base of the obelisk is a dedication to the glory of God and the founding fathers of astronomy.