First quantum 10-volt chip, 1989. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) made the world's first 10-volt quantum chip, with 14,184 Josephson junctions. Each junction had one niobium electrode, a niobium-oxide barrier, and lead-indium-gold as the second electrode. This was the first time in the world that a Josephson device (or any other device) has generated a stable quantized voltage above 10 volts. This achievement was measured by NIST researcher Clark A. Hamilton on 6 January 1988. Photographed at the Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML) of the NIST.