An apparatus developed by Claud Bernard to study the effects of heat on animals. Claude Bernard (1813-1878) was a French physiologist. Milieu interieur is the key process with which Bernard is associated. He was one of the first to suggest the use of blind experiments to ensure the objectivity of scientific observations. The basic principles are: known and unknown, induction and deduction, cause and effect, verification and disproof, determinism and averages, truth versus falsification and discovering versus despising.