Russell Henry Chittenden (February 18, 1856 - December 26, 1943) was an American physiological chemist. He conducted pioneering research in the biochemistry of digestion and nutrition. He was professor of physiological chemistry at Yale from 1882 to 1922 and professor of physiology at the Yale School of Medicine starting in 1900. From 1898 to 1903 he was also a lecturer on physiological chemistry at Columbia University, New York. He was a founding member of the American Physiological Society in 1887 and served as its president from 1895 to 1904. During World War I, Chittenden was on the Advisory Committee for Food Utilization and also on the Executive Committee of the National Research Council. He is often called the "father of American biochemistry." He died in 1943 at the age of 87.