Carl Liebermann (1842-1914), German chemist. He is known for his synthesis, in 1868 with Carl Graebe, of the orange-red dye alizarin. This was the first synthesis of a natural dye, previously obtained from roots of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). The industrial production of alizarin replaced the use of madder plants grown in India, leading to widespread poverty and starvation there.