Distillation. Woodcut illustrations showing various means of distilling fluids. In the upper frame both direct and reflected sunshine from a window are used in an enclosed room. In the middle frame direct sunshine is used outdoors. In the bottom frame, heating comes from a fire in either a kiln or a metal pot. These images come from Zaccharias Puteo's Clavis medica rationalis, spagyrica et chyrurgica, printed at Venice in 1611, although they are reproductions of woodcuts first seen in Biringucci's De la pirotechnica of 1540, the first book on metallurgy.