Diseased bones, historical anatomical artwork. Shown here is a range of bone diseases. The bones at upper left show ankylosis (joint stiffness and fusion) of the hip. At upper right, fractures of the femur and tibia have failed to heal. The bones at the bottom have suffered extensive necrosis (abnormal death of tissue following injury or infection) and many have large lesions (regions of abnormal tissue). This illustration is taken from the 19th century French textbook The Atlas of Human Anatomy and Surgery by J. M. Bourgery and N. H. Jacob.